F# syntax in 60 seconds

Here is a very quick overview on how to read F# code for newcomers unfamiliar with the syntax.

It is obviously not very detailed but should be enough so that you can read and get the gist of the upcoming examples in this series. Don't worry if you don't understand all of it, as I will give more detailed explanations when we get to the actual code examples.

The two major differences between F# syntax and a standard C-like syntax are:

• Curly braces are not used to delimit blocks of code. Instead, indentation is used (Python is similar this way).
• Whitespace is used to separate parameters rather than commas.

Some people find the F# syntax off-putting. If you are one of them, consider this quote:

"Optimising your notation to not confuse people in the first 10 minutes of seeing it but to hinder readability ever after is a really bad mistake." (David MacIver, via a post about Scala syntax).

Personally, I think that the F# syntax is very clear and straightforward when you get used to it. In many ways, it is simpler than the C# syntax, with fewer keywords and special cases.

The example code below is a simple F# script that demonstrates most of the concepts that you need on a regular basis.

I would encourage you to test this code interactively and play with it a bit! Either:

• Type this into a F# script file (with .fsx extension) and send it to the interactive window. See the "installing and using F#" page for details.
• Alternatively, try running this code in the interactive window. Remember to always use ;; at the end to tell the interpreter that you are done entering and ready to evaluate.

// single line comments use a double slash
(* multi line comments use (* . . . *) pair

-end of multi line comment- *)

// ======== "Variables" (but not really) ==========
// The "let" keyword defines an (immutable) value
let myInt = 5
let myFloat = 3.14
let myString = "hello"    //note that no types needed

// ======== Lists ============
let twoToFive = [2;3;4;5]        // Square brackets create a list with
                                 // semicolon delimiters.
let oneToFive = 1 :: twoToFive   // :: creates list with new 1st element
// The result is [1;2;3;4;5]
let zeroToFive = [0;1] @ twoToFive   // @ concats two lists

// IMPORTANT: commas are never used as delimiters, only semicolons!

// ======== Functions ========
// The "let" keyword also defines a named function.
let square x = x * x          // Note that no parens are used.
square 3                      // Now run the function. Again, no parens.

let add x y = x + y           // don't use add (x,y)! It means something
                              // completely different.
add 2 3                       // Now run the function.

// to define a multiline function, just use indents. No semicolons needed.
let evens list =
   let isEven x = x%2 = 0     // Define "isEven" as an inner ("nested") function
   List.filter isEven list    // List.filter is a library function
                              // with two parameters: a boolean function
                              // and a list to work on

evens oneToFive               // Now run the function

// You can use parens to clarify precedence. In this example,
// do "map" first, with two args, then do "sum" on the result.
// Without the parens, "List.map" would be passed as an arg to List.sum
let sumOfSquaresTo100 =
   List.sum ( List.map square [1..100] )

// You can pipe the output of one operation to the next using "|>"
// Here is the same sumOfSquares function written using pipes
let sumOfSquaresTo100piped =
   [1..100] |> List.map square |> List.sum  // "square" was defined earlier

// you can define lambdas (anonymous functions) using the "fun" keyword
let sumOfSquaresTo100withFun =
   [1..100] |> List.map (fun x->x*x) |> List.sum

// In F# returns are implicit -- no "return" needed. A function always
// returns the value of the last expression used.

// ======== Pattern Matching ========
// Match..with.. is a supercharged case/switch statement.
let simplePatternMatch =
   let x = "a"
   match x with
    | "a" -> printfn "x is a"
    | "b" -> printfn "x is b"
    | _ -> printfn "x is something else"   // underscore matches anything

// Some(..) and None are roughly analogous to Nullable wrappers
let validValue = Some(99)
let invalidValue = None

// In this example, match..with matches the "Some" and the "None",
// and also unpacks the value in the "Some" at the same time.
let optionPatternMatch input =
   match input with
    | Some i -> printfn "input is an int=%d" i
    | None -> printfn "input is missing"

optionPatternMatch validValue
optionPatternMatch invalidValue

// ========= Complex Data Types =========

// Tuple types are pairs, triples, etc. Tuples use commas.
let twoTuple = 1,2
let threeTuple = "a",2,true

// Record types have named fields. Semicolons are separators.
type Person = {First:string; Last:string}
let person1 = {First="john"; Last="Doe"}

// Union types have choices. Vertical bars are separators.
type Temp = 
    | DegreesC of float
    | DegreesF of float
let temp = DegreesF 98.6

// Types can be combined recursively in complex ways.
// E.g. here is a union type that contains a list of the same type:
type Employee = 
  | Worker of Person
  | Manager of Employee list
let jdoe = {First="John";Last="Doe"}
let worker = Worker jdoe

// ========= Printing =========
// The printf/printfn functions are similar to the
// Console.Write/WriteLine functions in C#.
printfn "Printing an int %i, a float %f, a bool %b" 1 2.0 true
printfn "A string %s, and something generic %A" "hello" [1;2;3;4]

// all complex types have pretty printing built in
printfn "twoTuple=%A,\nPerson=%A,\nTemp=%A,\nEmployee=%A" 
         twoTuple person1 temp worker

// There are also sprintf/sprintfn functions for formatting data
// into a string, similar to String.Format.

And with that, let's start by comparing some simple F# code with the equivalent C# code.